Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for approximately two of every three deaths among women globally, and the majority of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Occurrence of NCDs and treatment for them may increase the risk of developing childbirth-related complications for both women and their babies. Furthermore, children born to mothers with NCDs are more likely to experience adverse health outcomes later in life. The potential impact of several NCDs that are particularly relevant to maternal health are explained in detail below.
- Diabetes during pregnancy, both pregestational and gestational, increases rates of pre-eclampsia, pre-term labor, and operative delivery; diabetes-related complications including hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis may also arise.
- Anemia is among the leading causes of maternal deaths; women with anemia during the first or second trimesters are at heightened risk for low birth weight, preterm birth, and neonatal mortality.
- Maternal cancer diagnosed during or slightly after pregnancy may hinder fetal growth, thereby increasing risk of neonatal mortality, stillbirth, and infants being born small-for-gestational-age (SGA).
- Hypertensive pregnancy disorders, namely pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, are a major cause of maternal and paternal deaths, preterm births, and low birthweight births. These conditions are also associated with higher risks of chronic NCDs later in life.
- Overweight and obese pregnant women face an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, rate of caesarean section delivery, and length of hospital stay at the time of birth. Infants born to overweight and obese mothers are also more likely to be born preterm, be born large-for-gestational-age (LGA), and require intensive hospital care at birth. As the global prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, the burden of these NCDs continues to grow.
- Perinatal mental health issues can persist through all stages of pregnancy and delivery and adversely affect maternal relationships with their infants and partners. In extreme cases, they may also lead to self-harm, a significant contributor to women’s deaths globally. Maternal depression is associated with increased risk of preterm labor and birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia.
As the world continues to undergo the “obstetric transition” from mostly direct causes of maternal mortality to more indirect causes, addressing the effects of NCDs on maternal health is becoming increasingly urgent. Interventions designed to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity, particularly in low-resource settings, have traditionally focused heavily on obstetric complications and intrapartum care, while less attention has been given to the complex “indirect causes” of maternal deaths and their underlying risk factors. More holistic approaches to improve maternal health involving community-based primary care interventions have been effective; however, additional work addressing the global burden of NCDs contributing to maternal mortality and morbidity is needed.
Resources
Key Papers
- Links between maternal health and NCDs
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology | January 2015 - PMNCH knowledge summary #15: Noncommunicable diseases
The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health | 2011 - Noncommunicable diseases: A priority for women’s health and development
NCD Alliance | February 2011 - Meeting the emerging challenge of breast and cervical cancer in low- and middle-income countries
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics | October 2012 - Diabetes during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries
American Journal of Perinatology | May 2016 - Interventions for common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bulletin of the World Health Organization | April 2013 - Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
The Lancet | May 2009 - Integrating noncommunicable disease prevention into maternal and child health programs: Can it be done and what will it take?
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics | November 2011
Recent Publications
Breast cancer risk after recent childbirth: A pooled analysis of 15 prospective studies
Development of a measure of postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale
Maternal near-miss and death among women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a secondary analysis of the Nigeria Near-miss and Maternal Death Survey
Addressing maternal mortality: The pregnant cardiac patient
Experiences of women with cardiac disease in pregnancy: A systematic review and metasynthesis
See all noncommunicable diseases recent publications>>
News
Maternal death rate lowered in California, but racial disparity remains
Preterm birth and heart disease risk for mom
Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal death. So why do we keep getting the facts wrong?
Maternal depression can impact baby’s physical and mental health
Rate of women addicted to opioids during pregnancy quadrupled in 15 years, CDC says
See all noncommunicable diseases news>>
Documents & Reports
WHO Recommendations: Intrapartum Care for a Positive Childbirth Experience
WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience: Summary
Independent Accountability Panel 2017 Report
Selected Results of an Analysis of the Maternal and Newborn Content of Routine Information Systems in 24 Countries
Maternal Mental Health – Women’s Voices
See all noncommunicable diseases documents & reports>>
Organizations
The Role of the MHTF
Featured Resources
In November 2017, the Maternal Health Task Force (MHTF) hosted a panel discussion to mark the launch of the fifth MHTF-PLOS collection, “Noncommunicable Diseases and Maternal Health Around the Globe.”
Watch the video>>
Read a summary of the event>>
Browse the open access collection>>
Blog
Blog series: Noncommunicable Diseases and Maternal Health